DATASHEET

InnovexPrint
ABS

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic (terpolymer)
Chemical class
Styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) matrix toughened with polybutadiene rubber
Origin
Petroleum-based
Color / Transparency
Typically opaque; wide color range. Transparent grades exist as MABS.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity good resistance; low water uptake
  • Oils / fuels / greases generally fair to good resistance
  • Solvents poor resistance to ketones/esters/chlorinated hydrocarbons
  • Acids / alkalis resistant to dilute solutions
  • Alcohols generally good resistance
  • UV / weather low resistance without stabilizers; use ASA for outdoor
  • Salt solutions good resistance

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Indoor enclosures and housings requiring good impact resistance
  • Snap‑fit clips and latches where moderate ductility is needed
  • Functional prototypes (sanding, acetone smoothing, painting)
  • Jigs, fixtures, brackets stable up to ~80–90 °C
  • Knobs, handles, grips with ergonomic finishing
  • Automotive interior trim prototypes and appliance panels

4) Mechanical Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
Tensile strength (XY / Z)34–38 / 19–22MPa
Tensile modulus (XY)1.7 – 2.0GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z)4 – 8 / ≈2%
Flexural strength57 – 61MPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched)14 – 20kJ/m²
HardnessShore D 71 – 76—

5) Physical Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
Density1.03 – 1.10g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg)100 – 104°C
Water absorption (24 h)0.3 – 0.5%

6) Thermal Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
HDT (0.45 MPa)≈ 96°C
Vicat softening94 – 102°C
Continuous use temp.up to ~85–90°C

7) Electrical Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
Volume resistivity10¹⁵ – 10¹⁶Ω·cm
Dielectric strength15 – 20kV/mm

8) Safety & Health

  • Elevated styrene VOCs → enclose + filter
  • Characteristic odor during printing
  • Food contact only with certified grades

9) Printing Behavior

  • Warping: medium–high → enclosure recommended
  • Nozzle: 240–260 °C Bed: 90–110 °C
  • Shrinkage: ~0.4–0.7 %

10) Sustainability

  • Recyclable thermoplastic
  • Recycled-content grades available
  • Non-biodegradable

11) Post-Processing

  • Acetone vapor smoothing → glossy finish
  • Sanding + filler-primer + paint
  • Solvent welding with acetone/MEK
InnovexPrint
ABS+CF

Carbon‑Fibre Reinforced ABS • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Acrylonitrile‑Butadiene‑Styrene, carbon‑fibre reinforced (ABS+CF)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
ABS terpolymer matrix with chopped carbon fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Black to dark grey; matte with visible fibre texture. Higher specific stiffness vs. unfilled ABS; improved dimensional stability.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity low moisture uptake; good dimensional stability.
  • Oils / greases good resistance to aliphatic oils and lubricants.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and many aliphatic hydrocarbons; attacked by ketones, chlorinated and aromatic solvents (stress cracking).
  • Acids / alkalis fair to good resistance to dilute acids; limited resistance to strong bases and strong acids.
  • UV / weather moderate to low; use UV‑stabilized grades or coatings for outdoor use.
  • Salt solutions good resistance.
  • Food contact possible only with certified food‑safe grades.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Rigid brackets, frames, and housings needing higher stiffness and heat resistance than unfilled ABS.
  • Automotive interior fixtures, appliance components, and tooling aids.
  • Jigs and fixtures requiring dimensional stability and low creep.
  • Threaded parts with heat‑set inserts for durable assemblies.
  • Equipment covers and panels where printability and finish are important.

4) Mechanical Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
Tensile strength (XY / Z)65–95 / 40–55MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY)5.0 – 8.0GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z)1.5 – 3.0 / ≈1.2%
Flexural strength110 – 150MPa
Flexural modulus5.0 – 8.5GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched)5 – 9kJ/m²
HardnessShore D 80 – 85—
Compressive strength (yield)≈ 105MPa

5) Physical Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
Density (filament/part)1.10 – 1.25g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg)100 – 105°C
Melting pointAmorphous; no true Tm—
Coefficient of thermal expansion25 – 45 ×10⁻⁶1/K
Thermal conductivity0.4 – 0.8W/m·K
Specific heat capacity1.2 – 1.5kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h)< 0.3%

6) Thermal Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A100 – 125°C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B110 – 135°C
Vicat softening point100 – 110°C
Continuous use temperatureup to ~90–105°C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (220 °C / 10 kg)≈ 8 – 16cm³/10 min
Flammability ratingUL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0—

7) Electrical Properties

PropertyTypical valueUnit
Volume resistivity10¹¹ – 10¹⁴Ω·cm
Surface resistivity~ 10¹¹ – 10¹³Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz)≈ 2.7 – 3.2—
Dielectric strength10 – 18kV/mm
ESD classInsulating (ESD‑safe grades available)—

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: VOCs (styrene) and ultrafine particles; ventilate or use an enclosed system with filtration.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; follow printer manufacturer guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and compliant post‑processing.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low to medium; carbon fibres reduce shrinkage but an enclosure is recommended for larger parts.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~240–270 °C; bed 90–110 °C; chamber 30–60 °C.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.1–0.4% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation increases in‑plane stiffness; align layers with principal loads.
  • Abrasive material: use hardened steel or ruby/diamond nozzles (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: 70–80 °C for 4–8 h; target ≤0.2% moisture; store in a drybox during printing.
  • Bed adhesion: PEI, textured sheets, or glue stick; brim/raft for large parts.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: some grades may include recycled ABS and carbon fibre (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 600–1000 grit; filler‑primer helps mask fibre texture.
  • Annealing: near Tg (80–95 °C) for 1–2 h to relieve stress; support geometry to minimize distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: cyanoacrylate or 2‑part epoxies; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended.
  • Painting: light scuff + plastic primer; UV‑stable coatings recommended for outdoor exposure.
InnovexPrint
ABS+GF

Glass‑Fibre Reinforced ABS • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Acrylonitrile‑Butadiene‑Styrene, glass‑fibre reinforced (ABS+GF)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
ABS terpolymer matrix with chopped glass fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Opaque; matte to satin with visible fibre texture. Good surface finish; pigmentation typically natural/grey/black.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity low moisture uptake; good dimensional stability.
  • Oils / greases good resistance to aliphatic oils and lubricants.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and many aliphatic hydrocarbons; attacked by ketones, chlorinated and aromatic solvents (stress cracking).
  • Acids / alkalis fair to good resistance to dilute acids; limited resistance to strong bases and strong acids.
  • UV / weather moderate to low; use UV‑stabilized grades or coatings outdoors.
  • Salt solutions good resistance.
  • Food contact possible only with certified food‑safe grades.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Rigid brackets, frames, and housings that need higher stiffness and heat resistance than unfilled ABS.
  • Automotive interior fixtures, appliance components, and tooling aids.
  • Jigs and fixtures requiring dimensional stability and low creep.
  • Threaded parts with heat‑set inserts for durable assemblies.
  • Equipment covers and panels where printability and finish are important.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 55–80 / 35–50 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 3.5 – 6.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 1.5 – 3.0 / ≈1.0 %
Flexural strength 95 – 130 MPa
Flexural modulus 3.5 – 6.5 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 5 – 9 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 78 – 83 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 95 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.20 – 1.35 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 100 – 105 °C
Melting point Amorphous; no true Tm —
Coefficient of thermal expansion 50 – 80 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.25 – 0.50 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.1 – 1.4 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) < 0.3 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 100 – 120 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 110 – 130 °C
Vicat softening point 100 – 110 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~80–95 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (220 °C / 10 kg) ≈ 8 – 16 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹³ – 10¹⁵ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹³ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.5 – 3.2 —
Dielectric strength 10 – 18 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: VOCs (styrene) and ultrafine particles; ventilate or use an enclosed system with filtration.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; follow printer manufacturer guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and compliant post‑processing.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: medium to high; glass fibres reduce shrinkage but an enclosure is recommended for larger parts.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~240–270 °C; bed 90–110 °C; chamber 30–60 °C.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.2–0.6% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation increases in‑plane stiffness; align layers with principal loads.
  • Abrasive material: use hardened steel or ruby/diamond nozzles (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: 70–80 °C for 4–8 h; target ≤0.2% moisture; store in a drybox during printing.
  • Bed adhesion: PEI, textured sheets, or glue stick; brim/raft for large parts.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: some grades may include recycled ABS and glass fibre (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 600–1000 grit; use filler‑primer to mask fibre texture.
  • Annealing: near Tg (80–95 °C) for 1–2 h to relieve stress; support geometry to minimize distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: cyanoacrylate or 2‑part epoxies; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended.
  • Painting: light scuff + plastic primer; UV‑stable coatings recommended for outdoor exposure.
InnovexPrint
ASA

Acrylonitrile–Styrene–Acrylate • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Acrylonitrile–Styrene–Acrylate (ASA)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic (terpolymer)
Chemical class
Weatherable SAN matrix toughened with acrylic rubber (acrylate elastomer)
Origin
Petroleum-based
Color / Transparency
Typically opaque with a wide color range; inherently UV-stable. Transparent grades are uncommon.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity very good resistance; low water uptake
  • Oils / fuels / greases generally fair to good resistance (grade dependent)
  • Solvents sensitive to strong ketones/esters/chlorinated hydrocarbons; attacked by MEK and EDC; acetone has limited effect (swelling may occur)
  • Acids / alkalis resistant to dilute solutions; not resistant to strong oxidizers
  • Alcohols generally good resistance
  • UV / weather high inherent resistance; suitable for prolonged outdoor exposure
  • Salt solutions good resistance

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Outdoor enclosures, covers, signage, and housings requiring excellent UV and weather resistance
  • Automotive exterior clips, brackets, mirror caps, and trim prototypes
  • Garden/architectural fixtures and utility parts with light‑to‑moderate loads
  • Drone/RC components and sports gear exposed to sun and rain
  • Electrical junction boxes and cable glands for outdoor use (non‑rated)
  • Functional prototypes intended for painting with UV‑stable topcoats

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 42–48 / 24–28 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 1.9 – 2.2 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 10 – 20 / ≈5 %
Flexural strength 60 – 75 MPa
Flexural modulus 1.6 – 2.1 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 18 – 35 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 74 – 80 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 65 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.05 – 1.08 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 100 – 105 °C
Melting point (Tm) — (amorphous; no true melting point) —
Coefficient of thermal expansion 70 – 90 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.16 – 0.22 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.3 – 1.6 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) 0.2 – 0.4 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A ≈ 90 – 95 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B ≈ 100 – 105 °C
Vicat softening point 100 – 108 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~95 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (260 °C / 5 kg) ≈ 15 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹⁵ – 10¹⁶ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹⁵ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.9 – 3.2 —
Dielectric strength 16 – 20 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (non-conductive) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: ultrafine particles and VOCs (styrene/acrylates). Use local exhaust or an enclosed chamber with filtration.
  • Odor and emissions: mild to moderate; provide adequate workspace ventilation.
  • Combustibility: ignition temperatures typically ~349–404 °C; self‑ignition around ~508 °C (grade dependent).
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and coatings.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: medium; benefits from an enclosed build chamber or draft shield.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~240–260 °C; bed 80–100 °C (part‑size dependent).
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.3–0.6% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: Z‑axis tensile strength is ~50–65% of XY; orient parts according to load direction.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic.
  • Recycled content: recycled ASA can be blended with primary ASA for new parts (grade dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 180–240 → 400–600 → 1000–1500 grit for gloss; use a filler‑primer between passes.
  • Solvent smoothing: MEK or ethyl acetate vapor/contact can smooth ASA; acetone has limited effectiveness. Ensure strict ventilation and eliminate ignition sources.
  • Bonding: MEK/ethyl acetate‑based cements or cyanoacrylate; solvent welding can yield strong joints.
  • Painting: sand → prime → acrylic or PU topcoat; a UV‑resistant clearcoat improves long‑term color retention.
InnovexPrint
ASA+CF

Carbon‑Fibre Reinforced ASA • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, carbon‑fibre reinforced (ASA+CF)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
ASA terpolymer matrix with chopped carbon fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Black to dark grey; matte with visible fibre texture. Superior UV/weather resistance vs. ABS; higher specific stiffness than GF‑filled ASA at similar loadings.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity very low moisture uptake; good dimensional stability.
  • Oils / greases good resistance to aliphatic oils and lubricants.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and many aliphatic hydrocarbons; susceptible to ketones, chlorinated and aromatic solvents (stress cracking).
  • Acids / alkalis good resistance to dilute acids; limited resistance to strong bases.
  • UV / weather excellent—ASA provides superior UV stability; fibre exposure possible—use coatings for aesthetics.
  • Salt solutions good resistance.
  • Food contact only with certified food‑safe grades.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Outdoor enclosures, sensor housings, and covers exposed to sun and weather needing high stiffness.
  • Automotive exterior/interior brackets and trims requiring UV stability and rigidity.
  • Jigs, fixtures, and mounts with low warp and consistent dimensions.
  • Signage, architectural hardware, and equipment panels requiring durable finish and color stability.
  • Threaded parts with heat‑set inserts for long‑term assemblies.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 75–110 / 45–60 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 5.0 – 8.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 1.5 – 3.0 / ≈1.2 %
Flexural strength 120 – 160 MPa
Flexural modulus 5.0 – 8.5 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 6 – 10 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 80 – 85 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 110 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.10 – 1.25 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 100 – 105 °C
Melting point Amorphous; no true Tm —
Coefficient of thermal expansion 25 – 45 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.4 – 0.8 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.2 – 1.5 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) < 0.3 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 100 – 125 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 110 – 135 °C
Vicat softening point 100 – 110 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~90–105 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (240 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 8 – 16 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹¹ – 10¹⁴ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹¹ – 10¹³ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.8 – 3.2 —
Dielectric strength 12 – 20 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (ESD‑safe grades available) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: VOCs and ultrafine particles (styrenics); ventilate or use an enclosed system with filtration.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; follow printer manufacturer guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and compliant post‑processing.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low to medium; carbon fibres reduce shrinkage and improve bed adhesion (lower warp than unfilled ASA).
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~240–270 °C; bed 80–100 °C; chamber optional 30–60 °C.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.1–0.3% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation increases in‑plane stiffness; align layers with principal loads.
  • Abrasive material: use hardened steel or ruby/diamond nozzles (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: ASA is low‑hygroscopic; dry 70–80 °C for 2–4 h; keep spools dry during printing.
  • Bed adhesion: PEI, textured sheets, or glue stick; brim/raft for large parts.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: some grades may include recycled ASA and carbon fibre (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 600–1000 grit; filler‑primer helps mask fibre texture.
  • Annealing: near Tg (80–95 °C) for 1–2 h to relieve stress; support geometry to minimize distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: cyanoacrylate or 2‑part epoxies; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended.
  • Painting: light scuff + UV‑stable plastic primer for outdoor durability.
InnovexPrint
ASA+GF

Glass‑Fibre Reinforced ASA • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, glass‑fibre reinforced (ASA+GF)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
ASA terpolymer matrix with chopped glass fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Opaque; matte to satin with visible fibre texture. Excellent weatherability vs. ABS; typical colors natural/grey/black with UV‑stable pigments.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity low moisture uptake; stable dimensions.
  • Oils / greases good resistance to aliphatic oils and lubricants.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and many aliphatic hydrocarbons; susceptible to ketones, chlorinated and aromatic solvents (stress cracking).
  • Acids / alkalis good resistance to dilute acids; limited resistance to strong bases.
  • UV / weather excellent—ASA matrix provides superior UV and weather resistance; fibre exposure possible—use coatings for aesthetics.
  • Salt solutions good resistance.
  • Food contact only with certified food‑safe grades.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Outdoor enclosures, sensor housings, electrical boxes, and covers exposed to sun and weather.
  • Automotive exterior/interior brackets and trims needing UV stability and rigidity.
  • Jigs, fixtures, and mounts with low warp and consistent dimensions.
  • Signage, architectural hardware, and equipment panels requiring good finish and color stability.
  • Threaded parts with heat‑set inserts for durable assemblies.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 65–90 / 40–55 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 3.0 – 5.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 2 – 5 / ≈2 %
Flexural strength 100 – 130 MPa
Flexural modulus 3.0 – 5.0 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 6 – 10 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 76 – 82 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 95 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.20 – 1.40 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 100 – 105 °C
Melting point Amorphous; no true Tm —
Coefficient of thermal expansion 40 – 60 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.3 – 0.5 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.1 – 1.4 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) < 0.3 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 95 – 115 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 105 – 125 °C
Vicat softening point 98 – 110 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~80–90 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (240 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 8 – 16 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹³ – 10¹⁵ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹³ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.8 – 3.2 —
Dielectric strength 12 – 20 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: VOCs and ultrafine particles (styrenics); ventilate or use an enclosed system with filtration.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; follow printer manufacturer guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and compliant post‑processing.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low to medium; glass fibres reduce shrinkage and improve bed adhesion (lower than ABS).
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~240–270 °C; bed 80–100 °C; chamber optional 30–60 °C.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.1–0.3% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation increases in‑plane stiffness; align layers with principal loads.
  • Abrasive material: use hardened steel or ruby/diamond nozzles (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: 70–80 °C for 4–8 h; target ≤0.2% moisture; store in a drybox during printing.
  • Bed adhesion: PEI, textured sheets, or glue stick; brim/raft for large parts.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: some grades may include recycled ASA and glass fibre (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 600–1000 grit; use filler‑primer to mask fibre texture.
  • Annealing: near Tg (80–95 °C) for 1–2 h to relieve stress; support geometry to minimize distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: cyanoacrylate or 2‑part epoxies; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended.
  • Painting: light scuff + plastic primer (UV‑stable) for outdoor durability.
InnovexPrint
PA6

Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6) • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6, PA6)
Material type
Semicrystalline engineering thermoplastic
Chemical class
Aliphatic polyamide made by ring‑opening polymerization of caprolactam
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Transparency
Natural translucent off‑white; dyes readily; as‑printed parts are typically opaque

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity absorbs moisture (plasticizes the polymer); increases toughness but reduces stiffness and dimensional stability
  • Oils / fuels / greases excellent resistance; suitable for lubricated, wear‑resistant parts
  • Solvents resists aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols; soluble in formic acid and phenol; attacked by strong oxidizers
  • Acids / alkalis fair resistance to dilute acids; poor to strong mineral acids (hydrolysis); good resistance to bases
  • Alcohols generally good resistance
  • UV / weather low resistance without stabilizers; use UV‑stabilized grades or coatings for outdoor use
  • Salt solutions good resistance

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Wear and low‑friction parts: gears, bushings, cam followers, cable guides
  • Snap‑fits, living hinges, and fixtures needing high fatigue and impact resistance
  • Fluid‑contact components (oils/fuels) and under‑hood prototypes with moderate heat exposure
  • End‑use jigs, brackets, and mounts where toughness outweighs stiffness
  • Tooling aids: soft jaws, clamps, abrasion‑resistant spacers and slides
  • Functional housings that benefit from dyeing and post‑annealing for stability

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 45–60 / 28–40 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 1.2 – 1.6 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 20 – 60 / 8 – 20 %
Flexural strength 70 – 90 MPa
Flexural modulus 1.4 – 1.8 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 5 – 12 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 75 – 80 —
Compressive strength (yield) 70 – 90 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.12 – 1.15 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 47 – 52 °C
Melting point (Tm) 220 – 225 °C
Coefficient of thermal expansion 80 – 100 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.23 – 0.29 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.5 – 1.8 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) 1.2 – 1.8 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 70 – 80 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 170 – 200 °C
Vicat softening point 190 – 200 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~90 – 100 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (235 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 20 – 30 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity (dry) 10¹² – 10¹³ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity (dry) ~ 10¹² Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 3.3 – 3.8 —
Dielectric strength 20 – 25 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (moisture uptake can lower resistivity) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: lower VOCs than styrenics; expect ultrafine particles; use local exhaust or enclosure with filtration.
  • Odor and emissions: mild to moderate; ensure adequate workspace ventilation.
  • Combustibility: ignition temperatures are high; observe standard polymer fire precautions.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and coatings.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: medium to high; use an enclosure/draft shield and strong bed adhesion (PA‑compatible glue or PVA‑based adhesives).
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~250–265 °C; bed 70–90 °C (part‑size dependent).
  • Drying: highly moisture sensitive; dry filament at 70–80 °C for 6–12 h to < 0.1% moisture to avoid bubbling and weak layers.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.8–1.8% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: Z‑axis tensile strength is ~60–70% of XY; orient parts according to load direction.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic.
  • Recycled content: regrind PA6 can be blended with primary PA6 for new parts (grade dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical finishing: sanding and tumbling; finish with fine grits; heat‑set threaded inserts work well.
  • Annealing: 80–120 °C to increase crystallinity and dimensional stability; cool slowly to minimize warping.
  • Dyeing: accepts fabric/acid dyes; dye at elevated temperature for deep, uniform color.
  • Bonding: epoxy or structural acrylics; limited cyanoacrylate performance; solvent welding possible with formic acid (observe strict safety).
  • Painting: adhesion promoter or surface treatment (flame/corona) recommended before priming and topcoat.
InnovexPrint
PA6+CF

Carbon‑Fibre Reinforced Polyamide 6 • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Polyamide 6, carbon‑fibre reinforced (PA6+CF)
Material type
Semi‑crystalline thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
Aliphatic polyamide 6 matrix reinforced with chopped carbon fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Black to dark grey; matte with visible fibre texture. Higher specific stiffness than GF‑filled PA6 at comparable loadings.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity hygroscopic; moisture uptake affects stiffness and dimensions—dry before printing and condition parts for service.
  • Oils / fuels / greases very good resistance; suitable for contact with lubricants and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons; attacked/swollen by strong polar solvents (phenols, formic acid); limited resistance to ketones/esters.
  • Acids / alkalis resistant to dilute acids; not resistant to strong mineral acids or strong bases (hydrolysis).
  • UV / weather moderate to low without stabilizers; use UV‑stabilized grades or coatings for outdoor use.
  • Salt solutions good resistance.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • High stiffness brackets, arms, and frames with elevated heat resistance (robotics, drones, automation fixtures).
  • Automotive under‑hood prototypes, housings, and non‑pressurized ducts requiring rigidity and dimensional stability.
  • Precision jigs and machine components needing low creep and reduced thermal expansion.
  • Lightweight structural parts where specific stiffness is prioritized over high ductility.
  • Threaded and bolted assemblies using heat‑set inserts for repeatable service loads.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 90–130 / 50–70 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 6.0 – 9.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 1.5 – 3.0 / ≈1.2 %
Flexural strength 140 – 180 MPa
Flexural modulus 6.0 – 10.0 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 6 – 10 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 82 – 87 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 120 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.15 – 1.30 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 50 – 60 °C
Melting point (Tm) 220 – 225 °C
Coefficient of thermal expansion 20 – 40 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.4 – 0.8 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.3 – 1.6 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) 0.6 – 1.0 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 150 – 180 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 190 – 210 °C
Vicat softening point 195 – 210 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~120–150 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (235 °C / 5 kg) ≈ 10 – 20 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10⁹ – 10¹³ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10⁹ – 10¹² Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 3.5 – 4.0 —
Dielectric strength 12 – 18 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (ESD‑safe grades available) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: mainly ultrafine particles and caprolactam vapors; use local exhaust or an enclosed chamber with filtration.
  • Moisture sensitivity: wet filament causes bubbling/fumes and weak parts; dry thoroughly before use and keep in a drybox.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; observe printer manufacturer safety guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and coatings.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low to medium (reduced vs. unfilled PA6) but enclosure strongly recommended for large parts.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~260–295 °C; bed 70–100 °C; chamber 60–90 °C (part‑size dependent).
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.2–0.5% (grade/process dependent); fibres lower CTE and improve stability.
  • Layer anisotropy: carbon fibre orientation drives anisotropy; align layers with load; consider ≥0.2 mm layers for stronger interlaminar bonding.
  • Abrasive material: use a hardened/diamond or ruby nozzle (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: 70–80 °C for 6–12 h; target ≤0.1% moisture; store in drybox during printing.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: recycled PA6 and carbon fibre may be present in some grades (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 180–240 → 400–600 → 1000+ grit; fibre ends may appear—use filler‑primer to smooth.
  • Annealing: 80–120 °C for 1–2 h (part‑dependent) to relieve stress and increase heat resistance; support geometry to limit distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: 2‑part epoxies or structural cyanoacrylates; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended for durable assemblies.
  • Painting / dyeing: nylon adhesion promoter/primer before paint; PA‑compatible dyes on light colors.
InnovexPrint
PA6+GF

Polyamide 6, Glass‑Fibre Reinforced • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Polyamide 6, glass‑fibre reinforced (PA6+GF)
Material type
Semi‑crystalline thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
Aliphatic polyamide 6 matrix reinforced with chopped glass fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Opaque; matte, fibre‑textured surface. Typically natural (off‑white) to black; pigmentation range is more limited than unfilled PA6.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity hygroscopic; significant moisture uptake changes stiffness and dimensions—dry before printing and condition parts for service.
  • Oils / fuels / greases very good resistance; suitable for contact with lubricants and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons; attacked or swollen by strong polar solvents (phenols, formic acid); limited resistance to ketones/esters.
  • Acids / alkalis resistant to dilute acids; not resistant to strong mineral acids or strong bases (hydrolysis).
  • Alcohols generally good resistance.
  • UV / weather moderate to low without stabilizers; fibre exposure may occur—use UV‑stabilized grades or coatings for outdoor use.
  • Salt solutions good resistance.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Stiff, load‑bearing brackets, mounts, and frames with elevated heat resistance (tooling aids, end‑use fixtures).
  • Automotive under‑hood prototypes, engine‑bay clips, and structural housings (non‑pressurized).
  • Precision jigs and machine components requiring dimensional stability and low creep.
  • Wear components such as pulleys, gears, and cams (with lubrication) where rigidity is preferred over high ductility.
  • Drone/robot arms, sports equipment mounts, and camera rigs needing high specific stiffness.
  • Threaded parts with heat‑set inserts for durable joints.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 80–110 / 45–65 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 4.0 – 6.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 2 – 4 / ≈1.5 %
Flexural strength 120 – 150 MPa
Flexural modulus 4.0 – 6.0 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 6 – 10 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 80 – 85 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 110 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.25 – 1.40 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 50 – 60 °C
Melting point (Tm) 220 – 225 °C
Coefficient of thermal expansion 30 – 50 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.3 – 0.6 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.4 – 1.7 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) 0.7 – 1.2 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 160 – 190 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 200 – 220 °C
Vicat softening point 195 – 210 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~120–140 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (235 °C / 5 kg) ≈ 10 – 20 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹² – 10¹⁴ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹² Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 3.5 – 4.0 —
Dielectric strength 12 – 18 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (moisture can lower resistance) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: mainly ultrafine particles and caprolactam vapors; use local exhaust or an enclosed chamber with filtration.
  • Moisture sensitivity: wet filament causes bubbling/fumes and weak parts; dry thoroughly before use.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; observe printer manufacturer safety guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and coatings.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: medium (reduced vs. unfilled PA6) but still benefits from an enclosed chamber.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~260–290 °C; bed 70–100 °C; chamber 50–80 °C (part‑size dependent).
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.2–0.5% (grade/process dependent); fibres lower CTE and improve stability.
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation drives anisotropy; align layers with load, consider >0.2 mm layers for better interlaminar bonding.
  • Abrasive material: use a hardened/diamond or nozzle ≥ HRC 60; 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: 70–80 °C for 6–12 h; target ≤0.1% moisture; store in drybox during printing.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: recycled PA6 and glass fibre may be present in some grades (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 180–240 → 400–600 → 1000+ grit; fibre ends may appear—use filler‑primer for a smooth finish.
  • Annealing: 80–120 °C for 1–2 h (part‑dependent) to relieve stress and increase heat resistance; support geometry to limit distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: 2‑part epoxies or structural cyanoacrylates; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended for durable assemblies.
  • Painting / dyeing: nylon adhesion promoter/primer before paint; PA‑compatible dyes can be used on light colors.
InnovexPrint
PETG

Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG)
Material type
Amorphous copolyester (glycol‑modified PET)
Chemical class
Copolyester; aromatic polyester modified with glycol to suppress crystallinity and brittleness
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Transparency
Naturally clear/translucent; excellent optical clarity; easily colored with masterbatch

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity very good resistance; low water uptake
  • Oils / fuels / greases fair to good (grade dependent); prolonged exposure may cause swelling
  • Solvents limited resistance to strong solvents (aromatics, chlorinated); acetone has little effect but can induce stress‑crazing
  • Acids / alkalis good to dilute acids; limited resistance to strong alkalis and high‑pH cleaners (risk of hydrolysis)
  • Alcohols / glycols generally good resistance
  • UV / weather moderate without stabilizers; use UV‑stabilized grades or clearcoat for outdoor use
  • Salt solutions good resistance

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Transparent enclosures, guards, and viewports where impact resistance and clarity matter
  • Functional brackets, jigs, and fixtures that must resist moisture and have low warping
  • Snap‑fits and living‑hinge‑like tabs requiring ductility and good interlayer adhesion
  • Consumer products: bottles, covers, protective cases, and housings with a smooth, glossy finish
  • Food‑contact prototypes with certified PETG grades and compliant finishing

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 45–52 / 28–35 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 1.9 – 2.2 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 6 – 12 / 3 – 6 %
Flexural strength 60 – 70 MPa
Flexural modulus 1.8 – 2.1 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 8 – 12 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 74 – 78 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 70 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.25 – 1.28 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 75 – 82 °C
Melting point (Tm) — (amorphous; no true melting point) —
Coefficient of thermal expansion 60 – 70 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.20 – 0.24 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.1 – 1.3 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) 0.2 – 0.4 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A ≈ 68 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B ≈ 75 °C
Vicat softening point 78 – 85 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~70 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (250 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 8 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹⁵ – 10¹⁶ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹⁵ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.9 – 3.2 —
Dielectric strength 18 – 22 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (non‑conductive) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: comparatively low ultrafine particle and VOC emissions versus ABS; still use local exhaust or enclosure with filtration.
  • Odor and emissions: mild odor; avoid overheating to prevent irritant fumes.
  • Combustibility: ignition typically > 350 °C; observe standard fire safety practices.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe PETG grades and compliant coatings/finishes.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low; prints reliably without a fully enclosed chamber, draft shield recommended for tall parts.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~230–250 °C; bed 60–85 °C (part‑size dependent).
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.2–0.4% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: Z‑axis tensile strength is ~65–75% of XY; orient parts according to load direction.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (PET family).
  • Recycled content: rPETG blends available; recycled PETG can be compounded into new parts (grade dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 240 → 600 → 1200 grit; prefer wet sanding to limit heat build‑up and whitening.
  • Solvent smoothing: generally not recommended; PETG resists acetone and mild solvents, aggressive solvents can cause stress‑cracking.
  • Bonding: cyanoacrylate or 2‑part epoxy; industrial solvent welding uses chlorinated solvents (handle with strict safety controls).
  • Painting/coating: scuff sand → adhesion promoter/primer for polyesters → acrylic or PU topcoat; clear UV‑resistant coat for outdoor parts.
InnovexPrint
PETG+CF

Carbon‑Fibre Reinforced PETG • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)‑glycol, carbon‑fibre reinforced (PETG+CF)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
Glycol‑modified PET matrix with chopped carbon fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Black to dark grey; matte with subtle fibre texture. Higher specific stiffness than GF‑filled PETG at similar loadings.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity low moisture uptake; good dimensional stability.
  • Oils / greases very good resistance to aliphatic oils and lubricants.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and many aliphatic hydrocarbons; susceptible to ketones, chlorinated and aromatic solvents (stress cracking possible).
  • Acids / alkalis good resistance to dilute acids; limited resistance to strong bases.
  • UV / weather moderate; use UV‑stabilized grades/coatings for outdoor exposure.
  • Food contact possible only with certified food‑safe grades.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Rigid brackets, housings, and fixtures requiring higher stiffness and low warp vs. unfilled PETG.
  • Functional prototypes for appliances and automotive interiors with improved heat resistance.
  • Jigs, gauges, and frames where dimensional stability and printability are key.
  • Threaded components with heat‑set inserts for durable assemblies.
  • Equipment covers and panels that need good surface finish and cleaner resistance.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 70–100 / 45–60 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 5.0 – 8.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 2 – 3.5 / ≈1.5 %
Flexural strength 120 – 160 MPa
Flexural modulus 5.0 – 8.5 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 5 – 9 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 80 – 85 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 105 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.20 – 1.35 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 75 – 85 °C
Melting point Amorphous; no true Tm —
Coefficient of thermal expansion 30 – 50 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.4 – 0.8 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.2 – 1.5 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) < 0.5 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 95 – 120 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 105 – 130 °C
Vicat softening point 90 – 105 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~80–100 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (250 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 8 – 18 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹¹ – 10¹⁴ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹¹ – 10¹³ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.7 – 3.2 —
Dielectric strength 12 – 20 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (ESD‑safe grades available) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: VOCs and ultrafine particles; print in a well‑ventilated or enclosed system with filtration.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; follow printer manufacturer guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and post‑processing compliant with regulations.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low to medium; carbon fibres reduce shrinkage and improve bed adhesion.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~245–275 °C; bed 75–95 °C; chamber optional 30–60 °C.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.1–0.3% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation increases in‑plane stiffness; align layers with principal loads.
  • Abrasive material: use hardened steel or ruby/diamond nozzles (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: 65–70 °C for 4–8 h; target ≤0.2% moisture; store in a drybox during printing.
  • Bed adhesion: PEI, textured sheets, or glue stick; brim/raft for large parts.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: some grades may include recycled PET and carbon fibre (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 600–1000 grit; filler‑primer helps mask fibre texture.
  • Annealing: 70–85 °C near Tg for 1–2 h to relieve stress; support geometry to minimize distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: cyanoacrylate or 2‑part epoxies; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended.
  • Painting: light scuff + plastic primer for improved adhesion.
InnovexPrint
PETG+GF

Glass‑Fibre Reinforced PETG • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)‑glycol, glass‑fibre reinforced (PETG+GF)
Material type
Amorphous thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
Glycol‑modified PET matrix with chopped glass fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Opaque; matte to satin with visible fibre texture; typically natural/grey/black—more limited pigmentation than unfilled PETG.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity low moisture uptake; dimensional stability improved vs. unfilled PETG.
  • Oils / greases very good resistance to aliphatic oils and lubricants.
  • Solvents resistant to alcohols and many aliphatic hydrocarbons; attacked by ketones, chlorinated and aromatic solvents (stress cracking possible).
  • Acids / alkalis good resistance to dilute acids; limited resistance to strong bases.
  • UV / weather moderate; use UV‑stabilized grades/coatings for outdoor exposure.
  • Food contact possible only with certified food‑safe grades.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Stiff end‑use brackets, housings, and structural mounts needing low warp and stable dimensions.
  • Functional prototypes for appliances, automotive interiors, and fixtures operating near PETG’s Tg.
  • Jigs, gauges, and frames where rigidity and printability outweigh high ductility.
  • Threaded components with heat‑set inserts for robust assemblies.
  • Equipment covers and panels requiring good surface finish and chemical resistance to cleaners.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 60–85 / 40–55 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 3.0 – 5.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 2 – 4 / ≈1.5 %
Flexural strength 100 – 130 MPa
Flexural modulus 3.0 – 5.0 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 5 – 9 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 78 – 83 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 90 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.35 – 1.55 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 75 – 85 °C
Melting point Amorphous; no true Tm —
Coefficient of thermal expansion 40 – 60 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.3 – 0.6 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.2 – 1.5 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) < 0.5 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 85 – 105 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 95 – 115 °C
Vicat softening point 85 – 95 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~70–80 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (250 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 8 – 18 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹³ – 10¹⁵ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹³ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.8 – 3.3 —
Dielectric strength 12 – 20 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: VOCs and ultrafine particles; print in a well‑ventilated or enclosed system with filtration.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; follow printer manufacturer guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and post‑processing compliant with regulations.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low to medium; glass fibres reduce shrinkage and improve bed adhesion.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~245–270 °C; bed 75–95 °C; chamber optional 30–60 °C.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.1–0.3% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation increases in‑plane stiffness; align layers with principal loads.
  • Abrasive material: use hardened steel or ruby/diamond nozzles (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: 65–70 °C for 4–8 h; target ≤0.2% moisture; store in a drybox during printing.
  • Bed adhesion: PEI, textured sheets, or glue stick; brim/raft for large parts.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: some grades may include recycled PET and glass fibre (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 600–1000 grit; use filler‑primer to mask fibre texture.
  • Annealing: 70–80 °C near Tg for 1–2 h to relieve stress; support geometry to minimize distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: cyanoacrylate or 2‑part epoxies; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended.
  • Painting: light scuff + plastic primer for good adhesion.
InnovexPrint
PLA

Polylactic Acid • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
Material type
Semi‑crystalline thermoplastic (aliphatic polyester)
Chemical class
Poly(lactic acid) built from lactic acid monomers; typically amorphous as-printed
Origin
Bio‑based (corn/sugarcane)
Color / Transparency
Naturally translucent; opaque and transparent grades available

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity moderate resistance; hydrolyzes over time at elevated temperature and humidity
  • Oils / fuels / greases fair to good resistance (grade dependent)
  • Solvents resistant to many aliphatics; susceptible to chlorinated/aromatic solvents; affected by ethyl acetate or THF; not soluble in acetone
  • Acids / alkalis stable to weak acids; attacked by strong alkalis (hydrolysis)
  • Alcohols generally good resistance
  • UV / weather low resistance without stabilizers; for outdoor exposure apply a protective coating
  • Salt solutions good resistance

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Visual prototypes, concept models, and form studies
  • Educational parts, fixtures, and jigs used at room temperature
  • Cosplay props, decorative objects, and housings that benefit from sanding and painting
  • Snap‑fit components where stiffness is preferred over ductility
  • Low‑load brackets and templates not exposed to heat (< 50 °C)
  • Architectural models and product mock‑ups requiring fine detail

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 50–60 / 30–40 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 2.8 – 3.5 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 3 – 6 / 2 – 3 %
Flexural strength 80 – 100 MPa
Flexural modulus 3.0 – 3.5 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 3 – 6 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 80 – 83 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 90 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.23 – 1.27 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) 55 – 65 °C
Melting point (Tm) 150 – 170 °C
Coefficient of thermal expansion 68 – 100 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.13 – 0.22 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.8 – 2.1 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) 0.5 – 0.8 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A ≈ 50 – 60 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B ≈ 55 – 65 °C
Vicat softening point 55 – 65 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~45–50 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (210 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 6 – 10 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.) —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹⁴ – 10¹⁶ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹⁴ – 10¹⁵ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.8 – 3.2 —
Dielectric strength 16 – 20 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (non-conductive) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: lower ultrafine particle and VOC emissions than many styrenics; ensure local ventilation or filtration.
  • Odor and emissions: mild, often sweet odor; maintain adequate workspace airflow.
  • Combustibility: combustible thermoplastic; avoid ignition sources and hot surfaces.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and controlled printing/finishing practices.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low; prints reliably without an enclosure on most machines.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~190–215 °C; bed 0–60 °C (part‑size and adhesion aid dependent).
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.2–0.3% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: Z‑axis tensile strength is ~60–70% of XY; orient parts to align loads with layers.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic.
  • Recycled content: recycled PLA can be blended with primary PLA for new parts (grade dependent).
  • Biodegradability: industrially compostable for specified grades; not generally home‑compostable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 800–1500 grit for smooth finishes; use a filler‑primer between passes as needed.
  • Solvent smoothing (PLA): controlled ethyl acetate or THF exposure can yield mild smoothing; ensure strict ventilation and eliminate ignition sources.
  • Bonding: cyanoacrylate or two‑part epoxy; solvent welding is limited and part‑property dependent.
  • Annealing: 80–110 °C for 15–60 min improves heat resistance and creep; expect dimensional change—fixture parts during anneal.
  • Painting: sand → prime → acrylic or PU topcoat; for UV exposure, apply a UV‑resistant clearcoat.
InnovexPrint
PP

Polypropylene • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Polypropylene (PP)
Material type
Semi‑crystalline thermoplastic (polyolefin)
Chemical class
Polyolefin derived from propylene; typically isotactic PP (homopolymer or impact‑modified copolymer)
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Transparency
Naturally translucent to opaque; easily pigmented; true transparency limited.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity excellent resistance; extremely low water uptake
  • Oils / fuels / greases very good resistance; minor swelling possible (grade dependent)
  • Solvents resistant to most polar solvents; can swell/soften in aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons at elevated temperature
  • Acids / alkalis excellent resistance to dilute acids and bases; avoid strong oxidizers
  • Alcohols excellent resistance
  • UV / weather poor without stabilizers; use UV‑stabilized PP or apply a protective coating for outdoor use
  • Salt solutions excellent resistance

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Living hinges, snap‑fits, and clips requiring fatigue endurance and ductility
  • Chemical‑resistant containers, caps, pump components, and fluid‑handling fittings
  • Lightweight parts where low density and buoyancy are advantageous (e.g., floats, housings)
  • Wear/slide components under light loads thanks to low friction and good abrasion resistance
  • Food‑contact prototypes and consumer goods when produced from certified grades
  • Labware and utility parts that benefit from toughness and solvent resistance

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 25–32 / 12–18 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 1.1 – 1.6 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 20 – 200 / 5 – 20 %
Flexural strength 35 – 50 MPa
Flexural modulus 1.0 – 1.6 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 5 – 12 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 63 – 70 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 45 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 0.90 – 0.91 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) −10 – 0 °C
Melting point (Tm) 160 – 170 °C
Coefficient of thermal expansion 100 – 150 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.10 – 0.22 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.8 – 2.0 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) ≤ 0.03 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 60 – 80 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 90 – 110 °C
Vicat softening point 150 – 160 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~90–100 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (230 °C / 2.16 kg) 8 – 25 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹⁶ – 10¹⁸ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹⁶ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) 2.2 – 2.4 —
Dielectric strength 20 – 30 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (non-conductive) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: comparatively low VOC and odor; nevertheless, use local exhaust or an enclosed chamber with filtration.
  • Odor and emissions: mild; maintain adequate workspace ventilation.
  • Combustibility: combustible thermoplastic; avoid ignition sources; observe standard fire safety.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and appropriate processing.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: high (semi‑crystalline); best results on a PP build sheet/tape with brim and enclosure.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~220–250 °C; bed 80–105 °C (part‑size and grade dependent).
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~1.2–2.0% (grade/process dependent).
  • Layer anisotropy: Z‑axis tensile strength is ~40–60% of XY; orient parts according to load direction.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (widely recycled as code 5 PP).
  • Recycled content: recycled PP can be blended with primary PP for new parts (grade dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical finishing: use sharp abrasives; PP tends to smear—light pressure and progressive grits (180 → 400) work best.
  • Solvent smoothing: not typical—PP resists most solvents; chemical smoothing is generally ineffective.
  • Bonding: difficult due to low surface energy; use surface activation (flame/corona/plasma) plus polyolefin primer with CA/epoxy, or employ hot‑air/ultrasonic welding.
  • Painting: requires an adhesion promoter formulated for polyolefins; otherwise, adhesion is poor.
InnovexPrint
PP+CF

Carbon‑Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene • Final 3D‑printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Polypropylene, carbon‑fibre reinforced (PP+CF)
Material type
Semi‑crystalline thermoplastic composite
Chemical class
Isotactic polypropylene matrix reinforced with chopped carbon fibres
Origin
Petroleum‑based
Color / Surface
Black to dark grey; matte with visible fibre texture. Low surface energy characteristic of PP; excellent chemical resistance.

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water / humidity very low moisture uptake; excellent dimensional stability.
  • Oils / greases excellent resistance to aliphatic oils and lubricants.
  • Solvents resistant to many organic solvents and alcohols; attacked by strong oxidizing acids and certain aromatics/chlorinated solvents (environmental stress cracking possible).
  • Acids / alkalis outstanding resistance to dilute acids and bases; limited resistance to strong oxidizers.
  • UV / weather poor without stabilizers; use UV‑stabilized grades or coatings for outdoor exposure.
  • Food contact possible only with certified food‑safe grades.

3) Applications

Ideal for
  • Chemical‑resistant housings, caps, and fittings with higher stiffness than unfilled PP.
  • Automotive interior brackets, cargo organizers, and appliance components requiring low weight and rigidity.
  • Jigs, fixtures, and frames where low density and dimensional stability are important.
  • Lightweight structural parts where specific stiffness is prioritized over high ductility.
  • Threaded components using heat‑set inserts; mechanical fastening preferred over adhesive bonding.

4) Mechanical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Tensile strength (XY / Z) 50–75 / 30–45 MPa
Tensile (Young’s) modulus (XY) 4.0 – 7.0 GPa
Elongation at break (XY / Z) 1.5 – 3.0 / ≈1.0 %
Flexural strength 90 – 130 MPa
Flexural modulus 4.0 – 8.0 GPa
Impact strength (Izod, notched) 4 – 8 kJ/m²
Hardness Shore D 78 – 84 —
Compressive strength (yield) ≈ 90 MPa

5) Physical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Density (filament/part) 1.00 – 1.15 g/cm³
Glass transition (Tg) ≈ −10 to 5 °C
Melting point (Tm) 160 – 170 °C
Coefficient of thermal expansion 20 – 40 ×10⁻⁶ 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0.4 – 0.8 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity 1.6 – 1.9 kJ/kg·K
Water absorption (24 h) ≤ 0.05 %

6) Thermal Properties

Property Typical value Unit
HDT (1.8 MPa) – ISO 75 A 110 – 130 °C
HDT (0.45 MPa) – ISO 75 B 120 – 150 °C
Vicat softening point 140 – 155 °C
Continuous use temperature up to ~90–110 °C
Melt flow rate (MFR) (230 °C / 2.16 kg) ≈ 8 – 20 cm³/10 min
Flammability rating UL 94 HB (typ.); FR grades available up to V‑0 —

7) Electrical Properties

Property Typical value Unit
Volume resistivity 10¹² – 10¹⁵ Ω·cm
Surface resistivity ~ 10¹³ Ω/cm²
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) ≈ 2.2 – 2.5 —
Dielectric strength 15 – 25 kV/mm
ESD class Insulating (ESD‑safe grades available) —

8) Safety & Health

  • Emissions during printing: relatively low vs. styrenics; still use local exhaust or enclosure with filtration.
  • Combustibility: combustible; keep away from ignition sources; observe printer manufacturer safety guidance.
  • Food contact: only with certified food‑safe grades and compliant post‑processing.

9) Dimensional & Printing Behavior

  • Warping tendency: low to medium (significantly reduced vs. unfilled PP) yet enclosure is recommended for larger parts.
  • Typical print temperatures: nozzle ~230–260 °C; bed 80–105 °C; chamber optional 30–60 °C.
  • Shrinkage on cooling: ~0.1–0.3% (grade/process dependent); carbon fibres lower CTE and improve stability.
  • Layer anisotropy: fibre orientation increases in‑plane stiffness; align layers with principal loads.
  • Abrasive material: use hardened steel or ruby/diamond nozzles (≥ HRC 60); 0.6 mm nozzle recommended.
  • Drying: PP is low‑hygroscopic; drying optional 60–70 °C for 2–4 h; keep spools dry during printing.
  • Bed adhesion: PP build sheet/tape or polyolefin adhesion promoters; use brim/raft for large parts.

10) Sustainability

  • End‑of‑life: recyclable thermoplastic (composite stream; local options vary).
  • Recycled content: recycled PP and carbon fibre may be present in some grades (supplier dependent).
  • Biodegradability: non‑biodegradable.

11) Post-Processing (Surface Finishing)

  • Mechanical sanding: 220–400 → 600–1000 grit; filler‑primer helps mask fibre texture.
  • Annealing: 80–100 °C for 1–2 h to relieve stress; support geometry to minimize distortion.
  • Bonding & inserts: due to low surface energy, use mechanical fastening or PP‑specific primers/adhesives; heat‑set threaded inserts recommended.
  • Painting: requires PP adhesion promoter; light scuff before coating.
InnovexPrint
TPU

Thermoplastic Polyurethane • Final 3D-printed part properties

1) General Information

Full name / Abbr.
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)
Material type
Elastomeric thermoplastic (block copolymer)
Chemical class
Polyurethane block copolymer: soft polyether/polyester segments and hard urethane segments
Origin
Petroleum-based; bio-content grades exist
Color / Transparency
Usually translucent to opaque; transparent/aliphatic grades available; broad colorability

2) Chemical Resistance

  • Water good for polyether TPU
  • Oils generally good
  • Solvents avoid ketones/esters
  • Acids resistant to dilute solutions
  • Alcohols good resistance
  • UV / weather aromatic TPU yellows
  • Salt solutions good resistance

3) Applications

  • Seals, gaskets, flexible couplings
  • Phone cases, grips, soft-touch components
  • Footwear midsoles, sports gear
  • Vibration-damping mounts
  • Snap-on dust covers
  • Cable grommets, strain-reliefs

4) Mechanical Properties

PropertyValueUnit
Tensile strength20–35MPa
Elongation at break300–600%
Tear strength60–100kN/m
HardnessShore A 90–98—

5) Physical Properties

PropertyValueUnit
Density1.12 – 1.24g/cm³
Tg−45 – −25°C
Melting point160 – 220°C

6) Thermal Properties

PropertyValueUnit
Vicat80 – 100°C
Tempup to ~80°C
MFR10 – 30cm³/10min

7) Electrical Properties

PropertyValueUnit
Volume resistivity10¹¹ – 10¹³Ω·cm
Surface resistivity~ 10¹²Ω/cm²
Dielectric strength20 – 25kV/mm

8) Safety & Health

  • Low VOC emissions but ventilate
  • Mild odor during printing
  • Combustible; fire safety advised
  • Food-safe grades only if certified

9) Printing Behavior

  • Warping: very low
  • Nozzle: 210–240 °C
  • Bed: 30–60 °C
  • Shrinkage: ~0.1–0.3%

10) Sustainability

  • Recyclable thermoplastic
  • Not biodegradable

11) Post-Processing

  • Cutting with blade
  • Hot-air smoothing
  • Flexible adhesives recommended
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